Isaiah 59 has three movements: accusation (verses 1-8), confession (9-15a), and divine intervention (15b-21). The accusation begins by defending God: his "hand is not shortened" (compare 50:2). The real barrier is moral: "your sins have hidden his face from you." Isaiah describes a society that hatches evil like vipers' eggs and weaves deeds like spider webs that cannot clothe anyone. In the New Testament, Paul strings verses 7-8 into his proof of universal sin (Romans 3:15-17).
Verses 9-15a switch to "we." The community confesses: "We look for light, but see darkness... We grope for the wall like the blind." They admit, "our transgressions are with us, and as for our iniquities, we know them." Truth "has fallen in the street, and uprightness can't enter." Confession is the turning point; it prepares the way for God's action.
God sees "that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor." So "his own arm brought salvation." The divine warrior's armor is righteousness, salvation, vengeance, and zeal; Paul adapts it for believers in Ephesians 6:14-17 and 1 Thessalonians 5:8 in the New Testament. "A Redeemer will come to Zion, and to those who turn from disobedience in Jacob." In the New Testament, Paul applies this to Christ in Romans 11:26-27. The chapter ends with a covenant promise of God's Spirit and words "from now on and forever."