Isaiah 45 is the only place in the Old Testament where a non-Israelite king is called God's "anointed" (Hebrew mashiach). Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon in 539 BC, and Ezra 1 records his decree to rebuild the temple. God's purpose is stated three times: that Cyrus would know, that Israel would be served, and that the whole world would know "there is no one besides me." The famous line "I form the light and create darkness. I make peace and create calamity" declares God's sovereignty over all events, against Persian dualism that taught two equal powers of good and evil.
Verses 9-13 answer objections with two images: clay questioning the potter and a child questioning its parents. God's choices are not open to his creatures' veto. Paul uses the potter image in Romans 9:20-21 in the New Testament. Yet God's rule is not random: he "didn't create it a waste" but "formed it to be inhabited," and he did not speak "in a place of the land of darkness."
The climax is universal: "Look to me, and be saved, all the ends of the earth." God swears an oath by himself "that to me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall take an oath." In the New Testament, Paul quotes this in Romans 14:11 and applies it to Christ in Philippians 2:10-11. The chapter closes, "All the offspring of Israel will be justified in Yahweh, and will rejoice!"