Paul turns to spiritual gifts, a topic that had become a source of pride in Corinth. He begins with a test: no one speaking by the Spirit curses Jesus, and no one can confess that Jesus is Lord except by the Holy Spirit. Every believer, then, has the Spirit. He stresses unity in diversity: varieties of gifts, service, and workings come from the same Spirit, Lord, and God. Each manifestation of the Spirit is given for the profit of all.
Paul lists gifts such as wisdom, knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, prophecy, discernment, languages, and interpretation, all distributed by the one Spirit as He wills. Believers were all baptized by one Spirit into one body, whether Jews or Greeks, slaves or free. The body analogy confronts two errors. Some felt inferior and concluded they did not belong. Others felt superior and imagined they did not need other members.
God composed the body, giving greater honor to the parts that lacked it, so that the members would have the same care for one another. Shared suffering and shared joy mark a healthy church. Paul asks a series of questions expecting the answer no: are all apostles, prophets, or teachers? Diversity is God's design. He urges them to desire the greater gifts and then promises to show them a more excellent way, the way of love in chapter 13.